The below post, originally from Scientific American, is reproduced with permission from its author.
The sword is silent as it leaves its scabbard in an expert draw. The only sound it makes is when it whistles as it cuts through the air. It might be the last sound you ever hear.
When I'm not writing about science, one of my pastimes is swordsmanship. Specifically, I'm studying Toyama Ryu Batto Do under Sang Kim sensei in New York, a style that heavily emphasizes cutting and sparring with the Japanese sword known as the katana. I've also tried out the German longsword tradition following the works of Liechtenauer with the New York Historical Fencing Association, and would love to learn more.
(That's Sang Kim sensei cutting. Pretty awesome, right?)
Why study the sword? Tales of swords have entranced people for centuries — for instance, Excalibur from the legends of King Arthur, Durandal from the Song of Roland, and the famous (and infamous) blades of Masamune and Muramasa. Even now, swords keep creeping into pop culture, such as is the case with the artificial intelligence Cortana in the video game series Halo, who is named after a legendary sword in the Song of Roland, or the Hattori Hanzo swords of the action flick "Kill Bill."
In this new series of articles, I hope to add to the magic of swords by showing how they can help one learn science. I'll begin with the sound that swords make when they are swung.
Why care what sounds a sword makes? Flippantly, I might say they help the blind swordsman Zatoichi hear his enemies:
More seriously, I would say the sounds a sword makes can reveal whether or not it might cut through a target. A key goal in our style is achieving proper hasuji, or "edge line." The sword's edge should be the same angle as the sword's cutting path. If the edge wobbles or tilts wrong as the sword is swung, the cut might not make it through a target.
You don't need to swing at a solid target to know if you had good hasuji — the sound a sword can make when it is swung, known in Japanese as tachikaze, or "sword wind," can serve as a sign. If the hasuji was right, tachikaze will sound like sharp whistling. If the hasuji was wrong, tachikaze will sound like flat whooshing, or there will be no tachikaze. Ideally, you should hear tachikaze from the beginning of a cut, when power is needed to begin slicing through a target.
Good hasuji sounds like this.
Bad hasuji, if you can hear it, might sound like this.
Why does the way a sword is swung lead to different sounds? To find out, I consulted aeroacoustician Ken Brentner, a professor of aerospace engineering at Pennsylvania State University, who studies the sounds that aircraft make. After all, swords might resemble airplane wings in this matter.
When it comes to blades such as propellers, rotors or swords, Brentner explains there are two main kinds of noise they generate — "thickness noise" and "loading noise."
Thickness noise occurs when air must essentially get out of the way of an oncoming blade and then reoccupy its original space once that blade has moved on. Thickness noise can get very large as a blade approaches the speed of sound.
Loading noise is generated when a blade acts directly on the surrounding air, generating forces that causes the air to speed up, slow down or change direction. Loading noise can originate from steady aerodynamic effects such as lift on a wing, or unsteady aerodynamic effects such as turbulence. Noise from unsteady loading is the dominant source of sounds from blades moving at relatively low speeds, "and is what I believe is the primary source of noise from swords," Brentner says.
The secret of whistling tachikaze heard when hasuji is good might have to do with what are called Aeolian tones, Brentner says. These are named after Aeolus, the Greek ruler of the winds.
To explain, when air passes a cylinder, vortexes of air are shed from the top and the bottom of the cylinder in an alternating sequence with a very regular frequency. This pattern is known rather grandly as a von Karman vortex street.
"I believe this is what is happening when you hear the whistling sound when the blade is moving straight," Brentner says. "What you hear is a tone, like what you might hear when wind is blowing over telephone wires. The reason it is a tone is because the unsteady loading noise is very regular — only at a few certain frequencies." Since the back part of a katana is not tapered, "it would have a very similar vortex street, like a cylinder's."
However, when hasuji is bad, "I believe the flow over the blade is separating in a much more chaotic way — if it were an airfoil, we would say it is stalled," Brentner says. "Thus it has a larger region of turbulent flow, which consists of a wide range of random-sized vortices or turbulent eddies." Such turbulence "would generate a more whooshing sound, much like the sound you get from a cooling duct when the flow is coming out fast enough to hear it."
In the below figures, you can see the turbulent eddies generated by deep stalls, which might approximate what one hears from bad hasuji, as well as the alternating vortices generated by blunt trailing edges, which might approximate what one hears from good hasuji.
The thickness of a sword and the geometry of its edge are also key factors regarding how easily a sword will generate tachikaze when swung. Intriguingly, the biggest factor behind tachikaze is whether or not a sword has a groove along its backside known as a bo-hi — swords with this groove are louder than swords without it. The blunt swords known as iaito that beginning students practice with typically have bo-hi, so the students can hear when they are getting hasuji right or wrong.
Why does a bo-hi cause louder tachikaze? Brentner says this groove would shed vortices as air flowed over it. "This would potentially be as big a noise source as the vortex shedding from a blunt trailing edge, and the two might even couple to produce stronger unsteady loading and hence more sound," he explains.
I hope you found the vortices that swords can generate interesting! More posts on the science of swords will be coming soon.
The sword is silent as it leaves its scabbard in an expert draw. The only sound it makes is when it whistles as it cuts through the air. It might be the last sound you ever hear.
When I'm not writing about science, one of my pastimes is swordsmanship. Specifically, I'm studying Toyama Ryu Batto Do under Sang Kim sensei in New York, a style that heavily emphasizes cutting and sparring with the Japanese sword known as the katana. I've also tried out the German longsword tradition following the works of Liechtenauer with the New York Historical Fencing Association, and would love to learn more.
(That's Sang Kim sensei cutting. Pretty awesome, right?)
Why study the sword? Tales of swords have entranced people for centuries — for instance, Excalibur from the legends of King Arthur, Durandal from the Song of Roland, and the famous (and infamous) blades of Masamune and Muramasa. Even now, swords keep creeping into pop culture, such as is the case with the artificial intelligence Cortana in the video game series Halo, who is named after a legendary sword in the Song of Roland, or the Hattori Hanzo swords of the action flick "Kill Bill."
In this new series of articles, I hope to add to the magic of swords by showing how they can help one learn science. I'll begin with the sound that swords make when they are swung.
Why care what sounds a sword makes? Flippantly, I might say they help the blind swordsman Zatoichi hear his enemies:
More seriously, I would say the sounds a sword makes can reveal whether or not it might cut through a target. A key goal in our style is achieving proper hasuji, or "edge line." The sword's edge should be the same angle as the sword's cutting path. If the edge wobbles or tilts wrong as the sword is swung, the cut might not make it through a target.
You don't need to swing at a solid target to know if you had good hasuji — the sound a sword can make when it is swung, known in Japanese as tachikaze, or "sword wind," can serve as a sign. If the hasuji was right, tachikaze will sound like sharp whistling. If the hasuji was wrong, tachikaze will sound like flat whooshing, or there will be no tachikaze. Ideally, you should hear tachikaze from the beginning of a cut, when power is needed to begin slicing through a target.
Good hasuji sounds like this.
Bad hasuji, if you can hear it, might sound like this.
Why does the way a sword is swung lead to different sounds? To find out, I consulted aeroacoustician Ken Brentner, a professor of aerospace engineering at Pennsylvania State University, who studies the sounds that aircraft make. After all, swords might resemble airplane wings in this matter.
When it comes to blades such as propellers, rotors or swords, Brentner explains there are two main kinds of noise they generate — "thickness noise" and "loading noise."
Thickness noise occurs when air must essentially get out of the way of an oncoming blade and then reoccupy its original space once that blade has moved on. Thickness noise can get very large as a blade approaches the speed of sound.
Loading noise is generated when a blade acts directly on the surrounding air, generating forces that causes the air to speed up, slow down or change direction. Loading noise can originate from steady aerodynamic effects such as lift on a wing, or unsteady aerodynamic effects such as turbulence. Noise from unsteady loading is the dominant source of sounds from blades moving at relatively low speeds, "and is what I believe is the primary source of noise from swords," Brentner says.
The secret of whistling tachikaze heard when hasuji is good might have to do with what are called Aeolian tones, Brentner says. These are named after Aeolus, the Greek ruler of the winds.
To explain, when air passes a cylinder, vortexes of air are shed from the top and the bottom of the cylinder in an alternating sequence with a very regular frequency. This pattern is known rather grandly as a von Karman vortex street.
"I believe this is what is happening when you hear the whistling sound when the blade is moving straight," Brentner says. "What you hear is a tone, like what you might hear when wind is blowing over telephone wires. The reason it is a tone is because the unsteady loading noise is very regular — only at a few certain frequencies." Since the back part of a katana is not tapered, "it would have a very similar vortex street, like a cylinder's."
However, when hasuji is bad, "I believe the flow over the blade is separating in a much more chaotic way — if it were an airfoil, we would say it is stalled," Brentner says. "Thus it has a larger region of turbulent flow, which consists of a wide range of random-sized vortices or turbulent eddies." Such turbulence "would generate a more whooshing sound, much like the sound you get from a cooling duct when the flow is coming out fast enough to hear it."
In the below figures, you can see the turbulent eddies generated by deep stalls, which might approximate what one hears from bad hasuji, as well as the alternating vortices generated by blunt trailing edges, which might approximate what one hears from good hasuji.
The thickness of a sword and the geometry of its edge are also key factors regarding how easily a sword will generate tachikaze when swung. Intriguingly, the biggest factor behind tachikaze is whether or not a sword has a groove along its backside known as a bo-hi — swords with this groove are louder than swords without it. The blunt swords known as iaito that beginning students practice with typically have bo-hi, so the students can hear when they are getting hasuji right or wrong.
Why does a bo-hi cause louder tachikaze? Brentner says this groove would shed vortices as air flowed over it. "This would potentially be as big a noise source as the vortex shedding from a blunt trailing edge, and the two might even couple to produce stronger unsteady loading and hence more sound," he explains.
I hope you found the vortices that swords can generate interesting! More posts on the science of swords will be coming soon.
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